efficient كفء adapt يتأقلم
grandchildren أحفاد retire يتقاعد عن العمل
leader قائد / زعيم foundation مؤسسة
trade delegation وفد تجارى treatment علاج / معاملة
free of charge مجانا treat يعالج / يعامل
operation عملية جراحية heart transplant زراعة القلب
headline news خبر يتصدر الصحف heart surgery جراحة القلب
air conditioning تكييف الهواء count يعد
research أبحاث train يدرب / قطار
uniform زى رسمى retirement age سن التقاعد
civil engineer مهندس مدنى marital status الحالة الاجتماعية
qualify يتأهل surname اللقب / اسم العائلة
qualifications مؤهلات education التعليم
surgeon طبيب جراح application form استمارة طلب وظيفة
heart surgeon جراح قلب nationality الجنسية
take a nap يأخذ غفوة address العنوان
hotel receptionist موظف استقبال بفندق relative أحد الأقارب
news reporter مراسل اخبارى fireman رجل الاطفاء
computer programmer مبرمج كمبيوتر police officer ضابط شرطة
programs برامج install يركب (تكييف مثلا)
company = firm شركة world-famous مشهور عالميا
training تدريب / تمرين proud (of) فخور بـ
smart أنيق / ذكى heart problems مشاكل فى القلب
comfortable مريح healthy heart قلب سليم
friendly ودود / ودى head رئيس
patient مريض team فريق
bridges كبارى / جسور qualities صفات
dams / roads سدود / طرق save = rescue ينقذ
situations مواقف society مجتمع
report تقرير / يبلغ عن charity مؤسسة خيرية
interview مقابلة / يجرى مقابلة charitable organisation منظمة خيرية
magic سحر knowledge معرفة
donate يتبرع blood transfusion نقل الدم
applicable ممكن تطبيقه leading بارز- هام
national وطنى / قومى diseases أمراض
international عالمى / دولى food shortage نقص الغذاء
identify يتعرف على full-time job وظيفة دائمة
downtown/city centre وسط البلد part-time job وظيفة مؤقتة
membership عضوية project مشروع
architect مهندس معمارى transplant centre مركز زراعة الاعضاء
design يصمم divorced / single مطلق / اعزب
accountant محاسب date of birth تاريخ الميلاد
sign لافتة-علامة-يوقع- يمضى advertise يعلن عن (سلعة)
experience خبرة advertisement اعلان
job application طلب تقدم لوظيفة medicine طب / دواء
details تفاصيل contributions اسهامات
title لقب value قيمة – يقيم
machines آلات / معدات mention يذكر
well-known معروف / مشهور article مقالة
provide يمد / يزود grandmother جدة
Prepositions, Idioms & Expressions
Be interested in مهتم بـ adapt to يتكيف مع / يتأقلم على
from all over the world من كل أنحاء العالم under the leadership of تحت قيادة
report on يقدم تقرير عن find out يكتشف
in charge of مسئول عن benefit from يستفيد من
fill in a form يملأ استمارة Be part of يكون جزءاً من
look up يبحث عن (معلومة) play a part (role) in يلعب دورا فى
fall asleep يغلبه النوم good for مفيد لـ
speak for يتحدث نيابة عن good at + v. + ing ماهر فى
research into يبحث فى have experience in لديه خبرة فى
apply to يتقدم بطلب لـ (لكى) study at يدرس فى
apply in writing to.. يتقدم بالطلب كتابة الى at the age of فى سن
apply for يتقدم بطلب للحصول على keen on حريص على
apply in person يتقدم بالطلب شخصيا work for يعمل لدى (من أجل)
apply online يتقدم بطلب على الانترنت work with يعمل مع
write programs يكتب برامج work on a project يعمل فى مشروع
two year experience خبرة سنتين out of work عاطل / بدون عمل
Translation Vocabulary
horizons آفـاق human rights حقوق الإنسان
flourish يزدهـر war victims ضحايا الحروب
declineينخفض / انخفاض opponents المعارضـون
life insurance التأمين علي الحياة non-governmental غير حكـومي
with regard to فيما يتعلق بـ supporters مؤيدون
Make or Do
Make Do
make parts of يصنع أجزاء do an operation يجرى عملية جراحية
make a difference يحدث اختلاف فى do work يقوم بالعمل
make a decision يتخذ قرار do a job يؤدى وظيفة
make a mistake يخطئ do things يفعل أشياء
make money / a fortune يكون ثروة do a project on يعمل بحث أو دراسة عن
make a profit / a loss يحقق ربح/خسارة do research on / into يعمل أبحاث على
make a choice يختار do the shopping يتسوق
make friends يتخذ أصدقاء do the homework يحل الواجب
make a suggestion يقدم اقتراح do the cleaning يقوم بالتنظيف
make a promise يقدم وعدا do the washing up يقوم بغسل الأطباق
make fun / an ass of يسخر من do post graduate studies يكمل دراسات عليا
make a noise يثير ضوضاء do a favour يقدم خدمة أو معروف
Read the following carefully
Listening Talking about Jobs
Hotel Receptionist :
I enjoy my work. The company trains us well and gives us a smart uniform to wear. It’s very comfortable working in a modern building with air conditioning. People come here from all over the world - most of them don't speak Arabic, so I use my English a lot. It’s important that I'm friendly and efficient - that way they'll probably come back again.
Civil Engineer :
It’s a hard job - working outside in the heat with the noise of heavy machines around you all the time. But I'm proud to be helping to build a modern country. Our roads, bridges and dams will help to make Egypt richer, and that will be good for our children and our grandchildren.
News Reporter :
My work is very exciting. Since I started the job two years ago I've met important people from all over the world. A trade delegation from Europe arrived in Egypt two weeks ago, so last week I was reporting on that story almost every day. I even met the leaders of France and Germany. My report was headline news in our paper at the weekend.Yesterday; I was interviewing business leaders in Cairo.
Computer Programmer :
I've wanted to do this kind of work since I saw my first computer at school. In my opinion, computers are magic and I've worked and played with them ever since that day at school. Now, I work for a well-known Egyptian company that writes computer programs for important national and international companies. At the moment, I'm doing research on a computer programme for an Australian company.
Reading Professor Magdi Yacoub
Professor Magdi Yacoub is a world-famous heart surgeon. He was born in Egypt in Belbis in 1935, the son of a surgeon who worked in different places around the country. The family had to move every few years, so Yacoub learnt to adapt to different situations and enjoyed meeting different people.
When his aunt died because of a heart problem, Yacoub decided to become a heart surgeon. He studied medicine at Cairo University and qualified as a doctor in 1957. In the 1960s, he taught at Chicago University in the United States and worked with many of the world's best heart surgeons. Now Yacoub had the qualifications and experience to do great things. In 1973, he became a heart surgeon at Harefield Hospital in England. Under his leadership, Harefield became the most important transplant centre in the country.
In the early 1980s, he was part of the team which did the first British heart transplant operation. At this time, Yacoub travelled thousands of kilometres in small planes and helicopters to find healthy hearts for transplants.
Yacoub became Professor of Heart Surgery at London University in 1986. Although he retired as a surgeon in 2001, Yacoub continued to research new treatments. He is now the head of Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, which is one of the largest organizations in Egypt.
In 2009, Yacoub's foundation opened the Aswan Heart Centre Project (AHC). This meant that many Egyptian patients with heart problems, including small babies, could have heart operations free of charge.
Vocabulary definitions
a group of people who represent the views of an organization or a country. Delegation
the system that keeps the air inside a room or a building cool and dry. Air conditioning
a detailed and careful study of something to find more information about it. Research
the process of cutting open a part of a person's body to remove or repair a damaged part. Operation
Taking an organ from one person and putting it into the body of another. Transplant
a doctor who does operations in a hospital. Surgeon
is something you wear at work and it helps to identify you . Uniform
are The children of our children ( the son or the daughter ). Grandchildren
for free / without paying any money . Free of charge
Someone or something that is working very well. Efficient
A person who is in charge of a group of people Leader
To change your behaviour or idea to fit for a new situation Adapt
To stop working usually because of old age Retire
A large important organisation Foundation
Something that doctors do to cure an illness or injury Treatment
Confusing Words
@ arrive / reach:
Ÿ arrive: The plane has just arrived. يصل ( لا يليه مفعول به)
Ÿ arrive at (an airport / school / station): يصل إلى (مكان صغير محدود)
Ÿ arrive in (Cairo / London / France): يصل إلى (دولة / عاصمة / مدينة كبيرة)
Ÿ reach: get toيصل إلى / يتوصل الى (يليه مفعول به و لا يليه حرف جر)
- We will reach the office soon. - We reach a decision today.
ولكن لاحظ : ( reach – arrive – get – go ) home بدون حرف جر مطلقاً.
@ do an operation / have an operation
Ÿ do / carry out / perform an operation on: يقوم باجراء عملية جراحية على.
- Surgeons do operations on people in hospitals.
Ÿ have an operation: تجرى له عملية جراحية
- She is having an operation on her heart.
@ qualify as / qualify in / qualify to:
Ÿ qualify as: He qualified as a doctor. يتأهل كـ (بعدها الوظيفة)
Ÿ qualify in: He qualified in medicine. يتأهل فى (تخصص معين)
Ÿ be qualified to + inf.: He is qualified to teach. يكون مؤهل لكى
@ historic / historical:
Ÿ historic: ذو أهمية تاريخية
historic building مبنى / place مكان / event حدث / day يوم/ date تاريخ
Ÿ historical: مرتبط بدراسة التاريخ
historical research بحث / papers أبحاث / studies دراسات / plays مسرحيات / films
@ die of / die from:
Ÿ die of (a disease / hunger / thirst): يموت من (مرض / جوع / عطش)
Ÿ die from (a wound / an injury): يموت من (جرح / اصابة)
Language Notes
@ help to + inf. / help + inf. / help with + noun : يساعد
- Rain helps plants grow. Rain helps plants to grow
- He helped me with my homework.
@ enjoy يستمتع بـ / like يحب / stop يتوقف عن + v. + ing / noun:
- He enjoys / likes working in a big hotel.
- He stopped smoking.
@ with heart problems: suffer from heart disease يعانى من مشاكل فى القلب
- Top surgeons and medical teams treat children with heart disease.
@ make + object + inf. / adj: يجعل
- The film made me cry. - The good news made me happy.
@ continue to + inf.: يستمر فى
- Although he retired, he continued to research new treatments.
@ reason for + noun / v. + ing: سبب / مبرِّر
@ reason + why + جملة : سبب / مبرر
- I don’t know the reason for his failure.
- I don't know the reason why he failed.
@ cause of + noun / v. + ing: سبب / مبرِّر / cause + مفعول : يسبب
- What was the cause of his death? = What caused his death?
@ proud to + مصدر: فخور أن - I’m proud to help make my country better.
@ proud of + اسم: فخور بـ - I’m proud of my father.
@ proud that + جملة: فخور بأن - I’m proud that my father is a doctor.
Language Functions
Giving reasons why you like your job
تقديم أسباب لماذا تحب وظيفة
Ÿ The reason I like / enjoy ……………..… is that ………………..
Ÿ The best thing about …………….… is ……………..… افضل في ... هو أن
Ÿ The main reason is that ……………… السبب الرئيسي هو أن
Ÿ I enjoy / love + V+ing ……………….. because ……………..…
Ÿ The reason I like my job is that I meet all kinds of people.
Ÿ The best thing about working here is the friendly people
Ÿ I love / enjoy working here because every day is different.
Expressing opinion with reasons التعبير عن الأراء مع تقديم الأسباب
Ÿ I think / believe …………..… because ……….… أنا أعتقد .......... لأن
Ÿ In my opinion ………….…… as ………………. ….. فى رأيى .......... لأن
Ÿ If you ask me ……………..… so that ……….... لو طلبت رأيى .......... حتى
Ÿ I think / believe charities are important because they help poor people.
Ÿ In my opinion charities do an excellent job as they work all over the world.
Ÿ If you ask me, people should give money to charity to help more people.
@ Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1- The ………… status of a person shows whether he / she is married.
a) social b) financial c) marital d) mental
2- Graduates who apply ………… the job must be fluent in English.
a) on b) about c) for d) with
3- When the employee reaches the age of 60, he / she ……………….. .
a) recycles b) retires c) starves d) survives
4- He studied medicine at Cairo university and ……………… as a doctor.
a) applied b) supplied c) qualified d) tried
5- She believes that her work for a charity ……… a difference in people's lives.
a) takes b) works c) has d) makes
6- Ahmed worked ………………… his project all day.
a) out b) against c) up d) on
7- A …………….. is the person who writes for newspapers and magazines.
a) news reporter b) surgeon c) receptionist d) lawyer
8- My sister got ………… before she was accepted for the job.
a) a meeting b) a conference c) a visit d) an interview
9- Tourists are always seen in front of famous museums and ……… buildings.
a) history b) historian c) historic d) historical
10- The reason …………… his failure in the exam was that he didn't study hard.
a) on b) of c) for d) from
11- The teacher warned us not to ………………. such a mistake again.
a) do b) take c) work d) make
12- A company sends a …… when it needs people to speak for it at a meeting.
a) group b) delegation c) car d) worker
13- Although he retired as a surgeon, he continued to ……….. new treatments.
a) research b) search c) look d) see
14- Everyone ……………… mistakes when they're learning something new.
a) does b) takes c) works d) makes
15- We can benefit ……………… old newspapers by recycling.
a) from b) by c) of d) with
16- After the accident he lost a lot of blood ,so he needed blood ……………...
a) transplant b) transfer c) transfusion d) carry
17- More than ten people applied …….………... the job of an accountant.
a) at b) on c) for d) in
18- Many people are out of ……………….. due to the economic crisis.
a) work b) job c) career d) profession
19- Two …………..… experience is needed for this job.
a) years b) years' c) year d) year's
20- He works ………………… a company that writes computer programs.
a) for b) on c) at d) out
21- Yacoub learnt to ..……………… to different situations.
a) adopt b) adapt c) apply d) use
22- He decided to be a heart surgeon when his aunt died …… a heart problem.
a) by b) from c) with d) of
23- A ……………… is a doctor who does operations in a hospital.
a) surgeon b) receptionist c) reporter d) teacher
24- He was highly qualified ...………… this reason, he was accepted for the job.
a) at b) with c) for d) to
25- He ……………… a lot of important work in his life.
a) has made b) do c) has given d) has done
26- Professor Magdi Yacoub …………… many heart transplant operations.
a) makes b) does c) takes d) works
27- P. Yacoub was part of a team which …… new heart parts from human cells.
a) make b) do c) take d) work
28- She has got a ……………… job. She works 8 hours a day, six days a week
a) part-time b) full-time c) all-time d) short-times
29- He …………………….. computer programs for companies.
a) writes b) carries c) performs d) does
30- We can install ……………… in a modern building if it is too hot.
a) air conditioning b) heater c) lights d) parts
31- A trade ……………… from Europe arrived in Egypt two weeks ago.
a) team b) band c) delegation d) gang
32- He hasn't filled in the ……………….. form for his passport yet.
a) application b) complication c) completion d) appliance
33- If you ………………. me, you should go on a training course.
a) say b) tell c) talk d) ask
34- They are ……….. some fascinating research on the language of dolphins.
a) carrying b) doing c) making d) working
35- She looked in the mirror to see……….the new dress was like.
a) what b) who c) whose d) which
36- Yacoub enjoyed…………………different people
a) healing b) feeling c) meeting d) feeding
37- Professor Magdi Yacoub did a lot of heart ………………… operations.
a) transport b) transplant c) transfusion d) transfer
38- Egypt is a ………………….country in the Middle East.
a) leader b) lead c) leadership d) leading
39- I recognized that she was a nurse from her…………………..
a) pants b) wear c) uniform d) skirt
40- Scientists are still…………………….into making cars safer.
a) doing b) trying c) retiring d) researching
41- Someday in the future, our ………………. won't face our today's problems.
a) grandparents b) ancestors c) grandchildren d) parents
42- You can make a ………..… by convincing people to economize on water.
a) mistake b) difference c) decision d) deal
43- My brother has a very difficult decision to ……………..……. next week
a) perform b) gave c) do d) make
44- There is a factory here that ……………….….. parts for cars and buses.
a) does b) make c) makes d) studies
45- My mother has got various jobs around the house to ………………..….
a) do b) make c) play d) give
46- Sixty is the normal …………………. age for people in Egypt.
a) retirement b) assignment c) retire d) pension
47- Society can ………………… from people who work in their 70s or 80s.
a) suffer b) benefit c) a part d) protect
48- Older people have ………..…… qualities that younger people don't have.
a) private b) unusual c) public d) special
49- How important a part do charities ………..…..….. around the world today.
a) benefit b) do c) make d) play
50- People should …………………………. money to charities.
a) take b) donate c) lend d) borrow
51- It's hot inside .Why don't you ………………..….. air conditioning?
a) instill b) fix c) fasten d) install
52- The Chain of Hope helps children …………………… heart problems.
a) with b) of c) by d) within
53- What ………………….. would make you good at the job?
a) forms b) qualities c) quantities d) qualifies
54- The company my brother works for gives them a ………… uniform to wear.
a) same b) tight c) smart d) healthy
55- It's years since he …………… a heart operation. Now he's rather healthy.
a) operated b) had c) performed d) qualified
56- A ……………..… shows whether a person is single, married or divorced.
a) social rank b) title c) biography d) marital status
57- Fresh food is good …………………… all of us.
a) at b) to c) for d) with
58- Mona was sent to …………….……. on the floods in the Sudan.
a) concentrate b) work c) sit d) report
59- Professor Hamid is busy ………………. research on cancer nowadays.
a) answering b) making c) doing d) giving
60- We all should do our utmost to ………………….……. our country.
a) destroy b) improve c) demolish d) defame
61- The reason I like this book is …………..…… it is written in a simple way.
a) these b) those c) that d) then
62- My brother works ……………. a civil engineer.
a) such as b) like c) as d) such
63- The famous scientist is doing research ……………….. new treatments.
a) on b) of c) for d) from
64- .............. plans and designs roads, bridges and large buildings.
a) A surgeon b) A civil engineer c) An architect d) A driver
65- All the applicants should apply ……………… writing.
a) for b) of c) in d) on
66- My uncle asks me ………………… I'd like to be a pilot.
a) who b) what c) why d) how
67- Magdi Yacoub was …… of a transplant programme at a hospital in Britain.
a) head b) brain c) skull d) hand
68- The job of a ……………. is to put out fires.
a) policeman b) surgeon c) cameraman d) fireman
69- It's very comfortable …………………… in a modern building.
a) works b) working c) worked d) to working
70- Working outside in the heat is a hard ………………. .
a) work b) job c) career d) profession
Language Focus
Tenses الأزمنة
Present simple Tense زمن المضارع البسيط
@ Form:
يتكون من ( التصريف الأول للفعل ) أي الفعل فى المصدر: مع الاسم الجمع و الضمائر ( They , We, You, I ) ونضيف للفعل (s) أو (es) أو (ies) مع الاسم المفرد والضمائر ( it, she, He ):
إسم جمع , I , You , We, They eat / run / walk / sing
إسم مفرد , He , She , It eats / runs / walks / sings
* إذا انتهى الفعل بـ ( sh / ch / ss / x / o ( نضيف للفعل es مع الفاعل المفرد الغائب :
He, She, It washes / watches / crosses / goes /mixes
* إذا انتهى الفعل بحرف( y ) مسبوق بحرف ساكن تحذف ونضيف ies :
He, She, It cries / tries
إذا انتهى الفعل بحرف (y) مسبوق بحرف متحرك (a / e/ i / o/ u) نضيف s فقط :
He, She, It enjoys / plays / prays
@ Usage:
1- يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن الحقائق :
(حقيقة علمية – معلومة عن شخص أو شئ – شئ ثابت و معروف)
- The earth goes round the sun. - Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
- We write English from left to right.
2- يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن العادات الشخصية والافعال المتكررة بانتظام :
- Adel usually visits his relatives on Friday.
- Amr travels to work by train every day.
3- يستخدم المضارع البسيط في حالة طلب أو إعطاء التعليمات و الاتجاهات :
- How do I get to the station? - You go straight on, then you turn left.
4- يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن المستقبل مع الأحداث المرتبطة بجداول مواعيد :
- The train leaves at 9 a.m. - The film starts at 7.30 p.m.
5- يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن حالة أو موقف حقيقى دائم :
- He lives in Luxor. - I like English. - People still read Shawki's poet.
- Now I work for a well known Egyptian company that writes programs.
6- يستخدم مع أفعال الشعور والحواس والادراك والعاطفة والتفكير بدلا من المضارع المستمر:
- Now, I remember his name. - This food tastes delicious now.
7- يستخدم بعد الروابط الزمنية بشرط أن يكون الزمن الأخر مستقبل أو مضارع أو أمر مثل :
( After / before / as soon as / by the time / until / till / if / unless / when )
- When they come, I will welcome them.
- As soon as he arrives, give him this card.
- They won't go until he gives them money.
- After my father finishes his work, he will take us to the club.
@ Key words:
1- كلمات (ظروف الزمان) تأتى فى نهاية الجملة أو أولها :
every (day-week-month-year) / on (Saturdays-Sundays…) / From time to time
(once - twice - three times) a (day - week - month - year) / as usual / regularly
- Mark goes to the club twice a week.
- Every Monday Mark goes to the club.
2- ظروف التكرار و تأتى قبل الفعل الأصلى أوبعد verb to be :
always دائماً - usuallyعادةً - often غالباً - sometimes أحياناً - rarely / seldom نادراً - never أبداً - frequentlyمراراً - generallyعموماً - occasionallyمن آن لأخر
- He always comes late. - He is always late. - I never drive into town.
- She frequently visits the Pyramids. - I always try to save energy.
@ Negative:
إسم جمع , I , You , We , They don't + المصدر
إسم مفرد , He , She , It doesn't + المصدر
- I don't go to school on Friday. - The girls don't like to play football.
- He doesn't take part in the competition. - That man doesn't have a car.
** يمكن استخدام (never ) في النفي كما يلى :
- I don't go to school late. = I never go to school late.
- He doesn't like fish. = He never likes fish.
وعند النفي تحول sometimes - always - often - usually - occasionally إلى never
- We always watch films on TV. = We never watch films on TV.
@ Wh-questions:
أداة إستفهام + do / does + الفاعل + الفعل فى المصدر……….…?
نستخدم الفعل المساعد ( do) مع الاسم الجمع و الضمائر ( I - you - we – they )
نستخدم الفعل المساعد ( does) مع الاسم المفرد و الضمائر( he / she / it )
وعند الإجابة نحذف (do) ونكتب المصدر كما هو ونحذف (does) ونضيف للفعل (s,es,ies)
- How often does she visit her grandfather? - She visits him twice a month.
- What do you do after school? - I usually take a nap.
@ Yes / No questions:
Do / Does + الفاعل + الفعل فى المصدر……….…?
Yes, الفاعل + do / does. No, الفاعل + don't / doesn't.
- Do you play football on Friday?
Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
- Does he read many novels every night?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
@ Passive المضارع البسيط فى حالة المبنى للمجهول
(الفاعل + by ) + التصريف الثالث am / is / are + + المفعـول
- The carpenter uses a saw to cut wood. - A saw is used to cut wood with.
- Ali writes two letters every week. - Two letters are written every week.
لاحظ هذه التراكيب في المضارع البسيط:
Subj. + always / usually + present verb………….
= It is + name's / ضمير ملكية + habit to + Inf……..
= Subj. + am / is / are + in the habit of + v – ing……..
= Subj. + am / is / are + used to + v – ing…………..
- She usually drinks tea. - It is her habit to drink tea.
- She is in the habit of drinking tea. - She is used to drinking tea.
Present Continuous Tense زمن المضارع المستمر
@ Form: التكوين
? يتكون المضارع المستمر من am / is / are + v. + ing مع ملاحظة أن :
- الفعل المنتهي بـ e تحذف قبل إضافة ing : inviting / invite arguing argue
- أما إذا انتهي الفعل بـ ee فلا تحذف : freeing free
- إذا انتهي الفعل بـ ie تحذف و نستخدم ying :
tie tying die dying lie lying
- مضاعفة الحرف الأخير قبل إضافة ing في الأفعال المكونة من مقطع واحد وبها حرف متحرك :
hit hitting run running stop stopping
- لمضاعفة الحرف الأخير في الكلمات الآتية قبل إضافة ing :
begin beginning prefer preferring
admit admitting travel travelling
@ Usage: الاستخدام
? يعبر المضارع المستمر عن فعل يحدث الآن أو لحظة الكلام :
- I can't see you now. I'm revising for the exams.
- Maya is playing tennis at the moment. She is practising for a competition.
و يستخدم المضارع المستمر مع الكلمات الآتية :
now - at the / this moment فى هذه اللحظة - still - look! - listen! - Watch out! - at present فى الوقت الحاضر
- Look! A car is coming. - They are playing tennis now.
- At the moment, I'm doing research on a computer program for my company.
? أحيانا يدل الموقف في الجملة علي الاستمرار :
- Please don't make so much noise. I'm working.
- Where's Frank? - He's having a bath. - Take care! A bus is coming.
- What are you doing? - I am writing a letter.
? يستخدم المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن حدث تم الترتيب له أن يحدث فى المستقبل :
- We are travelling to London tomorrow. - She is coming soon.
- ولكن نستخدم am/is/are going to + inf. للتعبير عن الخطط والنوايا والقرارات المستقبلية :
- I'm going to spend the weeend in my village.
? يتكون المضارع المستمر في حالة المبنى للمجهول من:
مفعول + am / is / are + pp + by + فاعل
- Somebody is cleaning the room. = The room is being cleaned.
- She's cleaning the carpets. = The carpets are being cleaned.
¨ لاحظ عدم استخدام هذه الأفعال في الأزمنة المستمرة: لأنها دائمة و غير منقطعة
love يحب like يحب hate يكره prefer يفضل
want يريد need يحتاج deserve يستحق suppose يفترض
mean يعنى understand يفهم believe يصدق remember يتذكر
contain يحوى consist يتكون know يعرف belong يخص
see يرى hear يسمع smell يشم taste يتذوق
recognize يتعرف realize يدرك surprise يفاجئ astonish يدهش
seem يبدو possess يمتلك own يمتلك depend يعتمد
concern يتعلق بـ matter يهم lack ينقص owe يدين
weigh يزن measure يقيس agree يوافق
Past Simple Tense زمن الماضى البسيط
@ Form: التكوين
? يتكون الماضى البسيط من التصريف الثانى للفعل :
Ÿ Regular Verbs: الأفعال المنتظمة
? هى الأفعال التى يضاف لها ed مثل:
visit à visited want à wanted
? يضاف حرف d للفعل المنتهى بحرف e مثل live à lived
? إذا كان الفعل ينتهى بحرف y/w مسبوق بحرف متحرك يضاف له ed
enjoy à enjoyed show à showed
? اذا كان الفعل ينتهى بحرف y مسبوق بحرف ساكن يحذف و يضاف ied
carry à carried study à studied
? إذا كان الفعل يتكون من مقطع واحد و ينتهى بحرف ساكن مسبوق بحرف متحرك يضاغف الحرف الأخير و يضاف ed
plan à planned stop à stopped
Ÿ Irregular Verbs: الأفعال الشاذة
? هى الأفعال التى لا يضاف لهاed و تحفظ جيدا مثل:
go à went break à broke build à built
فى حالة النفى نستخدم (المصدرdidn't + ) :
- He bought some new clothes. He didn't buy any new clothes.
فى حالة تكوين سؤال باستخدام أداة استفهام نستخدم :
أداة إستفهام + did + الفاعل + الفعل فى المصدر……….…?
- What did you eat yesterday? - I ate some fish.
فى حالة تكوين سؤال بمعنى "هل" نستخدم :
Did + الفاعل + الفعل فى المصدر……….…?
- Did he buy a new car? Yes, he did. No, he didn't.
? يتم تحويل زمن الماضى البسيط إلى مبنى للمجهول passive كما يلى:
مفعول + was / were + pp + by + فاعل
- Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. - Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
@ Usage: الاستخدام
?يعبر الماضى البسيط عن حدث بدأ و انتهى فى الماضى :
- I lived in Tanta two years ago. - My uncle was in hospital last month.
ويستخدم الماضى البسيط مع الكلمات الآتية:
yesterday أمس - ago منذ - last…. ... الماضى - in the past فى الماضى - once ذات مرة - once upon a time ذات مرة - one day فى يوم من الأيام - the other day (week-month-year) - in 2007 – from + سنة + to + سنة – When I was… - How long ago – for – first – then = next ….
- Yesterday, I interviewed business leaders in Cairo.
- I started the job two years ago. During that time, I met some very important people.
- I first met my best friend when we were both about three years old.
لاحظ أن When = How long ago)) :
- When did you start playing the guitar? (How long)
How long ago did you start playing the guitar?
? يستخدم الماضى البسيط لوصف أحداث تتبع بعضها فى قصة :
- Yesterday, I went to the club and met my friends.
?يعبر الماضى البسيط عن عادات و أفعال متكررة فى الماضى :
- He drove into town every day last week.
- In the past, people travelled on camels.
وفى المثال الثانى نستطيع أن نستخدم التركيب التالى لنعبر عن عادة فى الماضى أيضا :
Subj. + used to + Inf…..
- In the past, people used to travel on camels.
- Ali always walked to work when he was young. (used to)
- Ali used to walk to work when he was young.
فاعل + used to + Inf. = فاعل + no longer + مضارع بسيط
= فاعل + don’t / doesn’t + Inf. + any longer / any more…
- Ahmed used to smoke. = Ahmed no longer smokes.
= Ahmed doesn’t smoke any longer / any more.
لاحظ أيضا هذه الجمل في الماضي:
1- Ali walked a mile every day in the past.
2- Ali used to walk a mile every day in the past.
3- It was Ali's habit to walk a mile every day…….
4- Ali was in the habit of walking a mile…….
ويستخدم الماضي البسيط بعد would rather في حالة وجود فاعل
• I'd rather he left now.
كما يستخدم أيضا بعد I wish / If only في حالة التعبير عن أمنية في الحاضر:
• If only I had a car. = I don't have a car.
• I wish they were with us now. = They aren't with us now.
ويستخدم بعد as if / as though :
• He behaves as if he owned the place. (But he doesn't own it.)
ويستخدم بعد if في الحالة الثانية:
• If I knew his address I would write to him.
ويستخدم في حالة وجود فعل بعد since:
• I haven’t seen him since he went to Caracas.
@ Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d:
1- At the moment, I….…research on a computer program for an Australian company.
a) do b) am doing c) have done d) was doing.
2- When I was eight, I …………….. a programme about a famous doctor on TV.
a) was seeing b) see c) saw d) was seen
3- We ……………… a card for my brother. Do you want to help?
a) make b) are making c) were making d) had made
4- At the moment, she ……………….. to be a primary school teacher.
a) trains b) was training c) is training d) has trained
5- Heba ……………… for a large tour company as an accountant.
a) work b) works c) working d) to work
6- It …………………… often rain in Egypt.
a) doesn't b) isn't c) won't d) wasn't
7- I first …………… my best friend when we were both about 3 years old.
a) meet b) have met c) met d) meeting
8- I enjoy playing football. I ………....……… it every weekend.
a) play b) plays c) am playing d) played
9- When I was young, I ………………………….. by the sea.
a) was living b) used to live c) have lived d) live
10- Scientists ………….. to find more sources of renewable energy.
a) wants b) wanted c) want d) had wanted
11- Why …………………… away last weekend?
a) didn't you go b) won't you go c) are you going d) haven't you gone
12- Have you seen your friend Ali? -Yes, I ……… him in class ten minutes ago.
a) has seen b) have seen c) saw d) am seeing
13- Hani ……………….. write to me and rarely phones.
a) never b) isn't c) doesn't d) hasn't
14- Please hurry up, Ali. Everyone ………………….. for you.
a) has waited b) waits c) is waiting d) wait
15- Amal is at the office. She…………………….on some important accounts.
a) is working b) has worked c) works d) working
16- I …………….. in Dubai for two years. It was a beautiful city.
a) live b) lives c) has lived d) lived
17- I .......................... shocked by her attitude.
a) have b) will be c) will be d) was
18- We ............................... worried about her silence.
a) are being b) will be c) were d) had
19- The letter ................................ typed right now by the secretary.
a) being b) is c) is being d) to be
20- I ........................ a cup of coffee in the morning when I get up.
a) always have b) have always c) always had d) had always
21- As a writer, Dr. Aisha Abd El-Rahman ………......... as Bint El-Shatei.
a) was known b) known c) knowing d) to be known
22- Throughout her career, Amina El Saeed ........ in defence of women's rights.
a) wrote b) writes c) writing d) written
23- Who …………….. burning food 2 minutes ago ?
a) smelt b) did smell c) smiling d) smell
24- You ……………… well in the party last night.
a) singing b) sang c) sing d) sings
25- She ………………. my name from the newspaper that day.
a) not knew b) didn’t know c) not knowing d) knowing
26- It's time we …………………….... the shop .
a) closed b) close c) closing d) closes
27- Last spring they ……………….……… in London.
a) not were b) were not c) be not d) not to be
28- Where ………………………… him last week?
a) you met b) did you meet c) you did meet d) did meet
29- Why ………………….….. yesterday?
a) he was late b) was he late c) late he was d) be late
30- This morning he ……………………. down and said his prayer.
a) kneel b) knelt c) kneeling d) kneels
31- The enemy ship …………………… off the shore in October War.
a) sink b) sinks c) sank d) sinking
32- Father bought a magazine last week and …………………………. it to me.
a) gave b) gives c) give d) will give
33- When I was young, a teacher at my school ……………………… me how to write good letters in English.
a) teach b) teaching c) had taught d) taught
34- You must take your umbrella. It ………………………. outside.
a) is raining b) rains c) rained d) should have rained
35- Could you be quieter. I ………………… to concentrate.
a) try b) am trying c) have tried d) had tried
36- Rice …………………….. in Britain.
a) don't grow b) hadn't grown c) shouldn’t grow d) doesn't grow
37- The River Nile ………………… into the Mediterranean.
a) flows b) will flow c) has flown d) may flow
38- An interpreter …………………… from one language into another.
a) has translated b) will be translating c) translates d) might have translated
39- Climbers often ……………………… ropes.
a) to carry b) carries c) carry d) will carry
40- Thieves ……………………… at night.
- a) usually work b) work usually c) working usually d) usually working
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